charles darwin in inglese

First, it provided a great deal of evidence that evolution has taken place. This page was last changed on 3 December 2020, at 15:06. As FitzRoy had intended, Darwin spent most of that time on land investigating geology and making natural history collections, while HMS Beagle surveyed and charted coasts. He was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire. [204], Soon after the Origin was published in 1859, critics derided his description of a struggle for existence as a Malthusian justification for the English industrial capitalism of the time. [137], The last word was the only variant of "evolved" in the first five editions of the book. Fox impressed him with his butterfly collection, introducing Darwin to entomology and influencing him to pursue beetle collecting. [17] His five-year voyage on HMS Beagle established him as an eminent geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles Lyell's conception of gradual geological change, and publication of his journal of the voyage made him famous as a popular author. Darwin reminded readers of the huge changes mankind had made in its domestic animals, which were once wild species. [187], Darwin's family tradition was nonconformist Unitarianism, while his father and grandfather were freethinkers, and his baptism and boarding school were Church of England. Here, then, I had at last got a theory by which to work...[96], By mid-December, Darwin saw a similarity between farmers picking the best stock in selective breeding, and a Malthusian Nature selecting from chance variants so that "every part of newly acquired structure is fully practical and perfected",[97] thinking this comparison "a beautiful part of my theory". [69] He later wrote that such facts "seemed to me to throw some light on the origin of species". As a Unitarian, she welcomed the radical implications of transmutation of species, promoted by Grant and younger surgeons influenced by Geoffroy. [149] Though he thought of religion as a tribal survival strategy, Darwin was reluctant to give up the idea of God as an ultimate lawgiver. He is known for his theory of evolution by natural selection. [189] He looked for "centres of creation" to explain distribution,[62] and suggested that the very similar antlions found in Australia and England were evidence of a divine hand. For the rest of his life, he was repeatedly incapacitated with episodes of stomach pains, vomiting, severe boils, palpitations, trembling and other symptoms, particularly during times of stress, such as attending meetings or making social visits. [121] He began a major reassessment of his theory of species, and in November realised that divergence in the character of descendants could be explained by them becoming adapted to "diversified places in the economy of nature". This is the better survival and reproduction of those that best fit their environment. Patrick Matthew drew attention to his 1831 book which had a brief appendix suggesting a concept of natural selection leading to new species, but he had not developed the idea. Those who are less well-adapted tend not to survive. At the time of his death, the physicians diagnosed "anginal attacks", and "heart-failure". [206], After the 1880s, a eugenics movement developed on ideas of biological inheritance, and for scientific justification of their ideas appealed to some concepts of Darwinism. Darwin was well prepared to compare this to de Candolle's "warring of the species" of plants and the struggle for existence among wildlife, explaining how numbers of a species kept roughly stable. [205] Darwin himself insisted that social policy should not simply be guided by concepts of struggle and selection in nature. [57] He remained convinced that, despite this diversity, all humans were interrelated with a shared origin and potential for improvement towards civilisation. [53][54] Further south, he saw stepped plains of shingle and seashells as raised beaches showing a series of elevations. [I] His proposition that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors is now widely accepted, and considered a foundational concept in science. alone." Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history. [6] He knew his theory, which did not discuss religion, raised questions about the literal truth of the Book of Genesis. [19] Although he discussed his ideas with several naturalists, he needed time for extensive research and his geological work had priority. He learned the classification of plants, and assisted with work on the collections of the University Museum, one of the largest museums in Europe at the time. When his own exams drew near, Darwin applied himself to his studies and was delighted by the language and logic of William Paley's Evidences of Christianity[36] (1794). Traduzioni in contesto per "charles darwin" in italiano-inglese da Reverso Context: Fu amico e corrispondente di Charles Darwin. [159], Darwin's book The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication (1868) was the first part of his planned "big book", and included his unsuccessful hypothesis of pangenesis attempting to explain heredity. 22–24. Weeks later Huxley's Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature showed that anatomically, humans are apes, then The Naturalist on the River Amazons by Henry Walter Bates provided empirical evidence of natural selection. "[124], Darwin's book was only partly written when, on 18 June 1858, he received a paper from Wallace describing natural selection. [22][23], Charles Robert Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, on 12 February 1809, at his family's home, The Mount. From September 1818, he joined his older brother Erasmus attending the nearby Anglican Shrewsbury School as a boarder. [71] On 2 October 1836 the ship anchored at Falmouth, Cornwall. His taxidermy lessons in 1826 from the freed slave John Edmonstone, whom he long recalled as "a very pleasant and intelligent man", reinforced his belief that black people shared the same feelings, and could be as intelligent as people of other races. bab.la arrow_drop_down bab.la - Online dictionaries, vocabulary, conjugation, grammar Toggle navigation 134e–135e", "Darwin Correspondence Project – Belief: historical essay", "Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 419 – Darwin, C. R. to Fox, W. D., (15 June 1838)", "Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 729 – Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., (11 January 1844)", "Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 734 – Hooker, J. D. to Darwin, C. R., 29 January 1844", "Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 814 – Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., (7 Jan 1845)", "Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 1236 – Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 28 Mar 1849", Darwin Online: Photograph of Charles Darwin by Maull and Polyblank for the Literary and Scientific Portrait Club (1855), "A new theory to explain the receipt of Wallace's Ternate Essay by Darwin in 1858", "Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 4652 – Falconer, Hugh to Darwin, C. R., 3 Nov (1864)", "Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 4807 – Hooker, J. D. to Darwin, C. R., (7–8 Apr 1865)", "The correspondence of Charles Darwin, volume 14: 1866", "Darwin's illness: Chagas' disease resurgens", "[Reminiscences of Charles Darwin's last years.] Beagle, and later back home in London, Darwin had come across the ideas of the Rev. Darwin wrote a number of other books, most of which are also very important. – I think that generally ... an agnostic would be the most correct description of my state of mind". Lyell was intrigued by Darwin's speculations without realising their extent. [131] In the book, Darwin set out "one long argument" of detailed observations, inferences and consideration of anticipated objections. [13][95] As he later wrote in his Autobiography: In October 1838, that is, fifteen months after I had begun my systematic enquiry, I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on from long-continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that under these circumstances favourable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be destroyed. [13][44] He kept careful notes of his observations and theoretical speculations, and at intervals during the voyage his specimens were sent to Cambridge together with letters including a copy of his journal for his family. At the time, his research and publication led to bitter controversy, but his theory of evolution and natural selection later became accepted within the scientific community. Charles Robert Darwin FRS FRGS FLS FZS[2] (/ˈdɑːrwɪn/;[5] 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist,[6] best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. Thomas Malthus had argued that population growth beyond resources was ordained by God to get humans to work productively and show restraint in getting families; this was used in the 1830s to justify workhouses and laissez-faire economics. The cause of Darwin's illness remained unknown, and attempts at treatment had only ephemeral success. ; Bill Jenkins, Evolution Before Darwin: Theories of the Transmutation of Species in Edinburgh, 1804–1834, Edinburgh University Press, 222 pp. Charles Darwin (Inglese to Spagnolo translation). [28] Early in the Beagle voyage, Darwin nearly lost his position on the ship when he criticised FitzRoy's defence and praise of slavery. [68] [104] Early in 1842, Darwin wrote about his ideas to Charles Lyell, who noted that his ally "denies seeing a beginning to each crop of species". [146], The Church of England's response was mixed. According to this theory, all living things are struggling to survive. [14], During Darwin's lifetime, many geographical features were given his name. Whatever the reason, he did not publish his theory in a book until 1859. [175], Stephen Heard identified 389 species that have been named after Darwin,[176] and there are at least 9 genera. When such differences made an organism more able to live in the wild, it would have a better chance to survive, and would pass on its genes to its offspring, and they to their offspring. [199] While interested in Yaghan culture Darwin failed to appreciate their deep ecological knowledge and elaborate cosmology until the 1850s when he inspected a dictionary of Yaghan detailing 32,000 words. Darwin stayed with his freethinking brother Erasmus, part of this Whig circle and a close friend of the writer Harriet Martineau, who promoted Malthusianism underlying the controversial Whig Poor Law reforms to stop welfare from causing overpopulation and more poverty. 205, 207–208), In the Descent of Man, he mentioned the similarity of Fuegians' and Edmonstone's minds to Europeans' when arguing against "ranking the so-called races of man as distinct species". Ball, P. (2011). (relating to Darwin) darwiniano agg aggettivo: Descrive o specifica un sostantivo: "Una persona fidata" - "Con un cacciavite piccolo" - "Questioni controverse" darwin noun + grammatica A unit of evolutionary change in evolutionary biology. Owen's surprising results included other gigantic extinct ground sloths as well as the Megatherium, a near complete skeleton of the unknown Scelidotherium and a hippopotamus-sized rodent-like skull named Toxodon resembling a giant capybara. Darwin was the first dedicated naturalist to visit the Galapagos Islands, off the west coast of Ecuador. Darwin found lectures dull and surgery distressing, so he neglected his studies. [186] Another son, Leonard, went on to be a soldier, politician, economist, eugenicist and mentor of the statistician and evolutionary biologist Ronald Fisher. [24][25] He was the fifth of six children of wealthy society doctor and financier Robert Darwin and Susannah Darwin (née Wedgwood). [148] Asa Gray discussed teleology with Darwin, who imported and distributed Gray's pamphlet on theistic evolution, Natural Selection is not inconsistent with natural theology. [60][61], On the geologically new Galápagos Islands, Darwin looked for evidence attaching wildlife to an older "centre of creation", and found mockingbirds allied to those in Chile but differing from island to island. Darwin collected everywhere the ship landed. [5]p264-268 His answer took years to develop. Essendo un membro della Royal Society, il naturalista inglese Charles Robert Darwin (1809 - 1882) è considerato il padre della biologia evolutiva. Gray and Lyell sought reconciliation with faith, while Huxley portrayed a polarisation between religion and science. I was told before leaving England that after living in slave countries all my opinions would be altered; the only alteration I am aware of is forming a much higher estimate of the negro character." Nell’ottobre 1825 si iscrisse all’Università di Edimburgo per studiare medicina, pensando di seguire le orme del padre. Darwin, Leonard (1850–1943). He began to wonder how so many new species came to be on these islands. A seated statue of Darwin, unveiled 1897, stands in front of Shrewsbury Library, the building that used to house Shrewsbury School, which Darwin attended as a boy. Studies at the University of Cambridge (Christ's College) encouraged his passion for natural science. "During many years I collected notes on the origin or descent of man, without any intention of publishing on the subject, but rather with the determination not to publish, as I thought that I should thus only add to the prejudices against my views. When Galton suggested that publishing research could encourage intermarriage within a "caste" of "those who are naturally gifted", Darwin foresaw practical difficulties, and thought it "the sole feasible, yet I fear utopian, plan of procedure in improving the human race", preferring to simply publicise the importance of inheritance and leave decisions to individuals. (.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Thurtle, Phillip (17 December 1996). "(Darwin 1845, p. 102), VIII. He identified the little-known Megatherium by a tooth and its association with bony armour, which had at first seemed to him to be like a giant version of the armour on local armadillos. In: The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity, The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs, Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection, British Association for the Advancement of Science, Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man, The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom, The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms, Darwin from Insectivorous Plants to Worms, The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, List of things named after Charles Darwin, European and American voyages of scientific exploration, Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Feminization of Education, "The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection", "Evolving Thoughts: Darwin and the Holocaust 3: eugenics", "Darwin Endless Forms » Darwin in Cambridge", "Charles Darwin's personal finances revealed in new find". The reign of Queen Victoria. Il Giorno di Darwin (indicato anche con la denominazione inglese di Darwin Day) è una celebrazione in onore di Charles Darwin che si tiene in occasione dell'anniversario della sua nascita, il 12 febbraio.. Questa tradizione è nata inizialmente in Inghilterra e negli Stati Uniti immediatamente dopo la morte di Darwin stesso nel 1882 e continua tutt'oggi in tutto il mondo. "[213] In a preface to the 1874 second edition, he added a reference to the second point: "it has been said by several critics, that when I found that many details of structure in man could not be explained through natural selection, I invented sexual selection; I gave, however, a tolerably clear sketch of this principle in the first edition of the 'Origin of Species,' and I there stated that it was applicable to man. [133][III] Having outlined sexual selection, he hinted that it could explain differences between human races. [202] Francis Galton named this field of study "eugenics" in 1883. 2009. [207][203], Darwin was a prolific writer. In Britain, most shared Darwin's cautious views on voluntary improvement and sought to encourage those with good traits in "positive eugenics". FitzRoy's diary during the ascent of the River Santa Cruz in Patagonia recorded his opinion that the plains were raised beaches, but on return, newly married to a very religious lady, he recanted these ideas. Nell’ottobre 1825 si iscrisse all’Università di Edimburgo per studiare medicina, pensando di seguire le orme del padre. [79] The two rheas were also distinct species, and on 14 March Darwin announced how their distribution changed going southwards. from apes. [34][35] Also through Fox, Darwin became a close friend and follower of botany professor John Stevens Henslow. 154 (April 2000). By 1844 he was able to write a draft of the main ideas in his notebook. [7] In a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, he introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding. [74], In mid-December, Darwin took lodgings in Cambridge to organise work on his collections and rewrite his Journal. [147][149] The most famous confrontation was at the public 1860 Oxford evolution debate during a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, where the Bishop of Oxford Samuel Wilberforce, though not opposed to transmutation of species, argued against Darwin's explanation and human descent from apes. After working as a physician's assistant and two years as a medical student, he was educated as a clergyman; he was also trained in taxidermy. The changes were brought about by selective breeding – choosing animals with desirable characters to breed from. After visiting Shrewsbury he joined his Wedgwood relatives at Maer Hall, Staffordshire, but found them too eager for tales of his travels to give him much rest. He covered human descent from earlier animals including evolution of society and of mental abilities, as well as explaining decorative beauty in wildlife and diversifying into innovative plant studies. The Darwins had ten children: two died in infancy, and Annie's death at the age of ten had a devastating effect on her parents. "(Darwin 1845, pp. CUL-DAR210.9", The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection An introduction to the book by, "Charles Darwin 200 years – Things you didn't know about Charles Darwin", "Bank of England – Current Banknotes – £10 – Design Features", "Darwin College – Maps and directions – University of Kent", "List of Fellows of the Royal Society, 1660–2006, A–J", "Darwin Correspondence Project – Darwin and the church: historical essay", "Transformaciones del pensamiento de Darwin en cabo de hornos: Un legado para la ciencia y la etica ambiental", "Correspondence between Francis Galton and Charles Darwin", "CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN (Obituary Notice, Friday, April 21, 1882)", "Obituary Notice of Charles Robert Darwin", Transactions & Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, "On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection", The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online, "Charles Darwin as a prospective geological author", "Charles Darwin and Asa Gray Discuss Teleology and Design", Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith, "Evolution and Wonder – Understanding Charles Darwin", "Alfred Russel Wallace on Spiritualism, Man, and Evolution: An Analytical Essay", "Darwin and His Finches: The Evolution of a Legend", "Evolution and Philosophy: Does evolution make might right? LXVII, no. [28], In Darwin's second year at the university he joined the Plinian Society, a student natural-history group featuring lively debates in which radical democratic students with materialistic views challenged orthodox religious concepts of science. Obviously the earth was constantly changing, with land rising in some places, and sinking in others. "Evolutionism" at that time was associated with other concepts, most commonly with embryological development, and Darwin first used the word evolution in The Descent of Man in 1871, before adding it in 1872 to the 6th edition of The Origin of Species. From the strong principle of inheritance, any selected variety will tend to propagate its new and modified form.[136]. On the evening of 28 June, Darwin's baby son died of scarlet fever after almost a week of severe illness, and he was too distraught to attend. SEHR. Writers used natural selection to argue for various, often contradictory, ideologies such as laissez-faire dog-eat-dog capitalism, colonialism and imperialism. In it, Baden Powell argued that miracles broke God's laws, so belief in them was atheistic, and praised "Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature". While On the Origin of Species dominates perceptions of his work, The Descent of Man and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals had considerable impact, and his books on plants including The Power of Movement in Plants were innovative studies of great importance, as was his final work on The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms. He campaigned pugnaciously against the authority of the clergy in education,[147] aiming to overturn the dominance of clergymen and aristocratic amateurs under Owen in favour of a new generation of professional scientists. Guarda le traduzioni di ‘Charles Darwin’ in Italiano. Il naturalista inglese Darwin, dopo un viaggio di cinque anni intorno al mondo, tornò in Inghilterra, dove studiò l'evoluzione di tutti i viventi e dell'uomo, intuendone perfettamente i meccanismi. Of his surviving children, George, Francis and Horace became Fellows of the Royal Society,[184] distinguished as astronomer,[185] botanist and civil engineer, respectively. [VIII], The term "Social Darwinism" was used infrequently from around the 1890s, but became popular as a derogatory term in the 1940s when used by Richard Hofstadter to attack the laissez-faire conservatism of those like William Graham Sumner who opposed reform and socialism. Perhaps what man had done deliberately, might happen in nature, where some would leave more offspring than others. [166][167], He died at Down House on 19 April 1882. All three were knighted. The expression of emotions in Man and animals, "Darwin's theory: too big to publish : NPR", https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&oldid=7199274, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. Controversy erupted, and it continued to sell well despite contemptuous dismissal by scientists. For other people named Charles Darwin, see, Inception of Darwin's evolutionary theory, Geology books, barnacles, evolutionary research, Publication of the theory of natural selection, As Darwinian scholar Joseph Carroll of the University of Missouri–St. PMC 1461012. This had been done generation after generation, until our modern breeds were produced. "[214], V. ^ See, for example, WILLA volume 4, Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Feminization of Education by Deborah M. De Simone: "Gilman shared many basic educational ideas with the generation of thinkers who matured during the period of "intellectual chaos" caused by Darwin's Origin of the Species. Charles Robert Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist. [138], The book aroused international interest, with less controversy than had greeted the popular and less scientific Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. On 5 September 1857, Darwin sent the American botanist Asa Gray a detailed outline of his ideas, including an abstract of Natural Selection, which omitted human origins and sexual selection. The eight-year-old Charles already had a taste for natural history and collecting when he joined the day school run by its preacher in 1817. [64], By his return, he was critical of the Bible as history, and wondered why all religions should not be equally valid. So, natural selection had similarities to selective breeding, except that it would happen by itself, over a much longer time. I shall be delighted to hear how you think that this change may have taken place, as no presently conceived opinions satisfy me on the subject. "[110], By July, Darwin had expanded his "sketch" into a 230-page "Essay", to be expanded with his research results if he died prematurely. Second, it proposed a theory to explain how evolution works. "the creation of genetic identity". [154] By the end of the decade most scientists agreed that evolution occurred, but only a minority supported Darwin's view that the chief mechanism was natural selection. [99][194], The "Lady Hope Story", published in 1915, claimed that Darwin had reverted to Christianity on his sickbed. [161] His research using images was expanded in his 1872 book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, one of the first books to feature printed photographs, which discussed the evolution of human psychology and its continuity with the behaviour of animals. [61] FitzRoy began writing the official Narrative of the Beagle voyages, and after reading Darwin's diary he proposed incorporating it into the account. [42] Darwin took care to remain in a private capacity to retain control over his collection, intending it for a major scientific institution. Who was Charles Darwin? The claims were repudiated by Darwin's children and have been dismissed as false by historians. ; Elizabeth Hennessy, On the Backs of Tortoises: Darwin, the Galápagos, and the Fate of an Evolutionary Eden, Yale University Press, 310 pp. Darwin College, a postgraduate college at Cambridge University, is named after the Darwin family.[182]. [196], Darwin's views on social and political issues reflected his time and social position. In 1882 he was diagnosed with what was called "angina pectoris" which then meant coronary thrombosis and disease of the heart. [120] In 1854 he became a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London, gaining postal access to its library. Haldane and Sewall Wright, which set the frame of reference for modern debates and refinements of the theory. Beagle, a sum equivalent to about £92,000 in 2019. He knew of raised beaches elsewhere, high in the Andes, with fossil seashells and trees which had once grown on a sandy beach. In 2008–09, the Swedish band The Knife, in collaboration with Danish performance group Hotel Pro Forma and other musicians from Denmark, Sweden and the US, created an opera about the life of Darwin, and The Origin of Species, entitled Tomorrow, in a Year.

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